Cara Membuat AI Rusa di Unity
Dalam pengembangan game, menambahkan Kecerdasan Buatan berarti menulis kode yang akan mengontrol entitas game tanpa masukan eksternal apa pun.
AI Hewan dalam game merupakan cabang AI yang bertujuan untuk menerjemahkan perilaku hewan ke dalam lingkungan digital game untuk menciptakan pengalaman yang realistis.
Dalam tutorial ini, saya akan menunjukkan cara membuat AI hewan (Rusa) sederhana di Unity yang akan memiliki dua status, idle dan escape.
Langkah 1: Siapkan Adegan dan Model Rusa
Kita membutuhkan level dan model rusa.
Untuk levelnya, saya akan menggunakan Terrain sederhana dengan beberapa rumput dan pepohonan:
Untuk model Rusa saya cukup menggabungkan beberapa Kubus (tetapi Anda dapat menggunakan model rusa):
Sekarang mari kita beralih ke bagian pengkodean.
Langkah 2: Siapkan Pengontrol Pemain
Kita mulai dengan menyiapkan Pengontrol Pemain sehingga kita dapat berkeliling dan menguji AI:
- Buat skrip baru, beri nama SC_CharacterController dan tempelkan kode di bawah ini ke dalamnya:
SC_CharacterController.cs
using UnityEngine;
[RequireComponent(typeof(CharacterController))]
public class SC_CharacterController : MonoBehaviour
{
public float speed = 7.5f;
public float jumpSpeed = 8.0f;
public float gravity = 20.0f;
public Camera playerCamera;
public float lookSpeed = 2.0f;
public float lookXLimit = 45.0f;
CharacterController characterController;
Vector3 moveDirection = Vector3.zero;
Vector2 rotation = Vector2.zero;
[HideInInspector]
public bool canMove = true;
void Start()
{
characterController = GetComponent<CharacterController>();
rotation.y = transform.eulerAngles.y;
}
void Update()
{
if (characterController.isGrounded)
{
// We are grounded, so recalculate move direction based on axes
Vector3 forward = transform.TransformDirection(Vector3.forward);
Vector3 right = transform.TransformDirection(Vector3.right);
float curSpeedX = speed * Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
float curSpeedY = speed * Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
moveDirection = (forward * curSpeedX) + (right * curSpeedY);
if (Input.GetButton("Jump"))
{
moveDirection.y = jumpSpeed;
}
}
// Apply gravity. Gravity is multiplied by deltaTime twice (once here, and once below
// when the moveDirection is multiplied by deltaTime). This is because gravity should be applied
// as an acceleration (ms^-2)
moveDirection.y -= gravity * Time.deltaTime;
// Move the controller
characterController.Move(moveDirection * Time.deltaTime);
// Player and Camera rotation
if (canMove)
{
rotation.y += Input.GetAxis("Mouse X") * lookSpeed;
rotation.x += -Input.GetAxis("Mouse Y") * lookSpeed;
rotation.x = Mathf.Clamp(rotation.x, -lookXLimit, lookXLimit);
playerCamera.transform.localRotation = Quaternion.Euler(rotation.x, 0, 0);
transform.eulerAngles = new Vector2(0, rotation.y);
}
}
}
- Buat GameObject baru dan beri nama "Player" dan ubah tagnya menjadi "Player"
- Buat Capsule baru (GameObject -> 3D Object -> Capsule), lalu jadikan sebagai objek turunan dari Objek "Player", ubah posisinya menjadi (0, 1, 0), dan hapus komponen CapsuleCollidernya.
- Pindahkan Kamera Utama ke dalam Objek "Player" dan ubah posisinya menjadi (0, 1.64, 0)
- Lampirkan skrip SC_CharacterController ke Objek "Player" (Anda akan melihat skrip ini juga akan menambahkan komponen lain yang disebut Pengontrol Karakter. Tetapkan nilai tengahnya ke (0, 1, 0))
- Tetapkan Kamera Utama ke variabel "Player Camera" di SC_CharacterController lalu Simpan Adegan
Pengontrol Pemain sekarang siap.
Langkah 3: Program Rusa AI
Sekarang mari beralih ke bagian di mana kita memprogram AI Rusa:
- Buat skrip baru dan beri nama SC_DeerAI (skrip ini akan mengontrol pergerakan AI):
Buka SC_DeerAI dan lanjutkan langkah di bawah ini:
Di awal skrip, kami memastikan bahwa semua kelas yang diperlukan disertakan (khususnya UnityEngine.AI):
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.AI;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class SC_DeerAI : MonoBehaviour
{Sekarang mari tambahkan semua variabel:
public enum AIState { Idle, Walking, Eating, Running }
public AIState currentState = AIState.Idle;
public int awarenessArea = 15; //How far the deer should detect the enemy
public float walkingSpeed = 3.5f;
public float runningSpeed = 7f;
public Animator animator;
//Trigger collider that represents the awareness area
SphereCollider c;
//NavMesh Agent
NavMeshAgent agent;
bool switchAction = false;
float actionTimer = 0; //Timer duration till the next action
Transform enemy;
float range = 20; //How far the Deer have to run to resume the usual activities
float multiplier = 1;
bool reverseFlee = false; //In case the AI is stuck, send it to one of the original Idle points
//Detect NavMesh edges to detect whether the AI is stuck
Vector3 closestEdge;
float distanceToEdge;
float distance; //Squared distance to the enemy
//How long the AI has been near the edge of NavMesh, if too long, send it to one of the random previousIdlePoints
float timeStuck = 0;
//Store previous idle points for reference
List<Vector3> previousIdlePoints = new List<Vector3>(); Kemudian kita menginisialisasi semua yang ada di ruang kosong Start():
// Start is called before the first frame update
void Start()
{
agent = GetComponent<NavMeshAgent>();
agent.stoppingDistance = 0;
agent.autoBraking = true;
c = gameObject.AddComponent<SphereCollider>();
c.isTrigger = true;
c.radius = awarenessArea;
//Initialize the AI state
currentState = AIState.Idle;
actionTimer = Random.Range(0.1f, 2.0f);
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
}(Seperti yang Anda lihat, kami menambahkan Sphere Collider yang ditandai sebagai Trigger. Collider ini akan bertindak sebagai area kesadaran ketika musuh memasukinya).
Logika AI sebenarnya dilakukan di kekosongan Update() dengan beberapa fungsi pembantu:
// Update is called once per frame
void Update()
{
//Wait for the next course of action
if (actionTimer > 0)
{
actionTimer -= Time.deltaTime;
}
else
{
switchAction = true;
}
if (currentState == AIState.Idle)
{
if(switchAction)
{
if (enemy)
{
//Run away
agent.SetDestination(RandomNavSphere(transform.position, Random.Range(1, 2.4f)));
currentState = AIState.Running;
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
}
else
{
//No enemies nearby, start eating
actionTimer = Random.Range(14, 22);
currentState = AIState.Eating;
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
//Keep last 5 Idle positions for future reference
previousIdlePoints.Add(transform.position);
if (previousIdlePoints.Count > 5)
{
previousIdlePoints.RemoveAt(0);
}
}
}
}
else if (currentState == AIState.Walking)
{
//Set NavMesh Agent Speed
agent.speed = walkingSpeed;
// Check if we've reached the destination
if (DoneReachingDestination())
{
currentState = AIState.Idle;
}
}
else if (currentState == AIState.Eating)
{
if (switchAction)
{
//Wait for current animation to finish playing
if(!animator || animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0).normalizedTime - Mathf.Floor(animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0).normalizedTime) > 0.99f)
{
//Walk to another random destination
agent.destination = RandomNavSphere(transform.position, Random.Range(3, 7));
currentState = AIState.Walking;
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
}
}
}
else if (currentState == AIState.Running)
{
//Set NavMesh Agent Speed
agent.speed = runningSpeed;
//Run away
if (enemy)
{
if (reverseFlee)
{
if (DoneReachingDestination() && timeStuck < 0)
{
reverseFlee = false;
}
else
{
timeStuck -= Time.deltaTime;
}
}
else
{
Vector3 runTo = transform.position + ((transform.position - enemy.position) * multiplier);
distance = (transform.position - enemy.position).sqrMagnitude;
//Find the closest NavMesh edge
NavMeshHit hit;
if (NavMesh.FindClosestEdge(transform.position, out hit, NavMesh.AllAreas))
{
closestEdge = hit.position;
distanceToEdge = hit.distance;
//Debug.DrawLine(transform.position, closestEdge, Color.red);
}
if (distanceToEdge < 1f)
{
if(timeStuck > 1.5f)
{
if(previousIdlePoints.Count > 0)
{
runTo = previousIdlePoints[Random.Range(0, previousIdlePoints.Count - 1)];
reverseFlee = true;
}
}
else
{
timeStuck += Time.deltaTime;
}
}
if (distance < range * range)
{
agent.SetDestination(runTo);
}
else
{
enemy = null;
}
}
//Temporarily switch to Idle if the Agent stopped
if(agent.velocity.sqrMagnitude < 0.1f * 0.1f)
{
SwitchAnimationState(AIState.Idle);
}
else
{
SwitchAnimationState(AIState.Running);
}
}
else
{
//Check if we've reached the destination then stop running
if (DoneReachingDestination())
{
actionTimer = Random.Range(1.4f, 3.4f);
currentState = AIState.Eating;
SwitchAnimationState(AIState.Idle);
}
}
}
switchAction = false;
}
bool DoneReachingDestination()
{
if (!agent.pathPending)
{
if (agent.remainingDistance <= agent.stoppingDistance)
{
if (!agent.hasPath || agent.velocity.sqrMagnitude == 0f)
{
//Done reaching the Destination
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
void SwitchAnimationState(AIState state)
{
//Animation control
if (animator)
{
animator.SetBool("isEating", state == AIState.Eating);
animator.SetBool("isRunning", state == AIState.Running);
animator.SetBool("isWalking", state == AIState.Walking);
}
}
Vector3 RandomNavSphere(Vector3 origin, float distance)
{
Vector3 randomDirection = Random.insideUnitSphere * distance;
randomDirection += origin;
NavMeshHit navHit;
NavMesh.SamplePosition(randomDirection, out navHit, distance, NavMesh.AllAreas);
return navHit.position;
}(Setiap Status menginisialisasi nilai dan target Agen NavMesh untuk status berikutnya. Misalnya, status Idle memiliki 2 kemungkinan hasil, yaitu menginisialisasi status Running jika ada musuh atau status Makan jika tidak ada Musuh yang melintasi area kesadaran.
Status berjalan digunakan di antara status Makan untuk berpindah ke tujuan baru.
Status berlari menghitung arah relatif terhadap posisi musuh, untuk berlari langsung dari posisi tersebut.
Jika terjebak di sudut, AI akan ditarik kembali ke salah satu posisi Idle yang disimpan sebelumnya. Musuh hilang setelah AI berada cukup jauh dari musuh).
Dan terakhir, kami menambahkan event OnTriggerEnter yang akan memantau Sphere Collider (alias Area Kesadaran) dan akan menginisialisasi status Running setelah musuh terlalu dekat:
void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other)
{
//Make sure the Player instance has a tag "Player"
if (!other.CompareTag("Player"))
return;
enemy = other.transform;
actionTimer = Random.Range(0.24f, 0.8f);
currentState = AIState.Idle;
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
}Segera setelah pemain memasuki pemicu, variabel musuh ditetapkan dan status Idle diinisialisasi, setelah itu, status Running diinisialisasi.
Di bawah ini adalah skrip terakhir SC_DeerAI.cs:
//You are free to use this script in Free or Commercial projects
//sharpcoderblog.com @2019
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.AI;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class SC_DeerAI : MonoBehaviour
{
public enum AIState { Idle, Walking, Eating, Running }
public AIState currentState = AIState.Idle;
public int awarenessArea = 15; //How far the deer should detect the enemy
public float walkingSpeed = 3.5f;
public float runningSpeed = 7f;
public Animator animator;
//Trigger collider that represents the awareness area
SphereCollider c;
//NavMesh Agent
NavMeshAgent agent;
bool switchAction = false;
float actionTimer = 0; //Timer duration till the next action
Transform enemy;
float range = 20; //How far the Deer have to run to resume the usual activities
float multiplier = 1;
bool reverseFlee = false; //In case the AI is stuck, send it to one of the original Idle points
//Detect NavMesh edges to detect whether the AI is stuck
Vector3 closestEdge;
float distanceToEdge;
float distance; //Squared distance to the enemy
//How long the AI has been near the edge of NavMesh, if too long, send it to one of the random previousIdlePoints
float timeStuck = 0;
//Store previous idle points for reference
List<Vector3> previousIdlePoints = new List<Vector3>();
// Start is called before the first frame update
void Start()
{
agent = GetComponent<NavMeshAgent>();
agent.stoppingDistance = 0;
agent.autoBraking = true;
c = gameObject.AddComponent<SphereCollider>();
c.isTrigger = true;
c.radius = awarenessArea;
//Initialize the AI state
currentState = AIState.Idle;
actionTimer = Random.Range(0.1f, 2.0f);
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
}
// Update is called once per frame
void Update()
{
//Wait for the next course of action
if (actionTimer > 0)
{
actionTimer -= Time.deltaTime;
}
else
{
switchAction = true;
}
if (currentState == AIState.Idle)
{
if(switchAction)
{
if (enemy)
{
//Run away
agent.SetDestination(RandomNavSphere(transform.position, Random.Range(1, 2.4f)));
currentState = AIState.Running;
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
}
else
{
//No enemies nearby, start eating
actionTimer = Random.Range(14, 22);
currentState = AIState.Eating;
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
//Keep last 5 Idle positions for future reference
previousIdlePoints.Add(transform.position);
if (previousIdlePoints.Count > 5)
{
previousIdlePoints.RemoveAt(0);
}
}
}
}
else if (currentState == AIState.Walking)
{
//Set NavMesh Agent Speed
agent.speed = walkingSpeed;
// Check if we've reached the destination
if (DoneReachingDestination())
{
currentState = AIState.Idle;
}
}
else if (currentState == AIState.Eating)
{
if (switchAction)
{
//Wait for current animation to finish playing
if(!animator || animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0).normalizedTime - Mathf.Floor(animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0).normalizedTime) > 0.99f)
{
//Walk to another random destination
agent.destination = RandomNavSphere(transform.position, Random.Range(3, 7));
currentState = AIState.Walking;
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
}
}
}
else if (currentState == AIState.Running)
{
//Set NavMesh Agent Speed
agent.speed = runningSpeed;
//Run away
if (enemy)
{
if (reverseFlee)
{
if (DoneReachingDestination() && timeStuck < 0)
{
reverseFlee = false;
}
else
{
timeStuck -= Time.deltaTime;
}
}
else
{
Vector3 runTo = transform.position + ((transform.position - enemy.position) * multiplier);
distance = (transform.position - enemy.position).sqrMagnitude;
//Find the closest NavMesh edge
NavMeshHit hit;
if (NavMesh.FindClosestEdge(transform.position, out hit, NavMesh.AllAreas))
{
closestEdge = hit.position;
distanceToEdge = hit.distance;
//Debug.DrawLine(transform.position, closestEdge, Color.red);
}
if (distanceToEdge < 1f)
{
if(timeStuck > 1.5f)
{
if(previousIdlePoints.Count > 0)
{
runTo = previousIdlePoints[Random.Range(0, previousIdlePoints.Count - 1)];
reverseFlee = true;
}
}
else
{
timeStuck += Time.deltaTime;
}
}
if (distance < range * range)
{
agent.SetDestination(runTo);
}
else
{
enemy = null;
}
}
//Temporarily switch to Idle if the Agent stopped
if(agent.velocity.sqrMagnitude < 0.1f * 0.1f)
{
SwitchAnimationState(AIState.Idle);
}
else
{
SwitchAnimationState(AIState.Running);
}
}
else
{
//Check if we've reached the destination then stop running
if (DoneReachingDestination())
{
actionTimer = Random.Range(1.4f, 3.4f);
currentState = AIState.Eating;
SwitchAnimationState(AIState.Idle);
}
}
}
switchAction = false;
}
bool DoneReachingDestination()
{
if (!agent.pathPending)
{
if (agent.remainingDistance <= agent.stoppingDistance)
{
if (!agent.hasPath || agent.velocity.sqrMagnitude == 0f)
{
//Done reaching the Destination
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
void SwitchAnimationState(AIState state)
{
//Animation control
if (animator)
{
animator.SetBool("isEating", state == AIState.Eating);
animator.SetBool("isRunning", state == AIState.Running);
animator.SetBool("isWalking", state == AIState.Walking);
}
}
Vector3 RandomNavSphere(Vector3 origin, float distance)
{
Vector3 randomDirection = Random.insideUnitSphere * distance;
randomDirection += origin;
NavMeshHit navHit;
NavMesh.SamplePosition(randomDirection, out navHit, distance, NavMesh.AllAreas);
return navHit.position;
}
void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other)
{
//Make sure the Player instance has a tag "Player"
if (!other.CompareTag("Player"))
return;
enemy = other.transform;
actionTimer = Random.Range(0.24f, 0.8f);
currentState = AIState.Idle;
SwitchAnimationState(currentState);
}
}- Tempatkan Deer model di Scene dan lampirkan NavMesh Agent, skrip SC_DeerAI, dan komponen Animator ke dalamnya:
SC_DeerAI hanya memiliki satu variabel yang perlu ditetapkan yaitu "Animator".
Komponen animator memerlukan Controller dengan 4 animasi: Idle Animation, Walking Animation, Eating Animation, dan Running Animation, serta 3 parameter bool: isEating, isRunning, dan isWalking:
Anda dapat mempelajari cara menyiapkan Pengontrol Animator sederhana dengan mengklik di sini
Setelah semuanya ditetapkan, ada satu hal lagi yang harus dilakukan, yaitu membuat NavMesh.
- Pilih semua Objek Adegan yang akan statis (Mis. Medan, Pohon, dll.) dan Tandai sebagai "Navigation Static":
- Masuk ke Jendela Navigasi (Window -> AI -> Navigation) dan klik tab "Bake" lalu klik tombol "Bake". Setelah NavMesh dipanggang, tampilannya akan seperti ini:
Setelah NavMesh dipanggang, kita dapat menguji AI:
Semuanya berfungsi seperti yang diharapkan. Rusa akan lari ketika musuh sudah dekat dan kembali beraktivitas seperti biasa ketika musuh sudah cukup jauh.